Lehrinhalte
Signals structures of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, Beidou). The space- and ground-based components of the GNS Systems (GNSS). GPS satellite orbits and their parameters. International GNSS Service (IGS). Types of GNSS- receivers and antennas. Time- and reference systems and frames used in GNSS. Principles of code- and carrier-phase measurements. Primary GNSS observables. Impact of the atmosphere. Ionospheric maps. Site specific effects (antenna phase centre variations, multipath, etc.). Intra- and inter-frequency biases. Observation equations for the primary code- and carrier-phase observables. Differencing and linear combinations of the observations.
The main GNSS observation approaches: kinematic, static, stop-and-go. The main data post-processing methods (absolute, relative, using differential corrections).
Absolute PVT (Position, Velocity, Time) solutions for navigation (single point positioning) using code-observations, or code observations smoothed with the carrier-phases, or single frequency ionospheric free combination “code minus carrier”. Basics of precise point positioning. Least square adjustment algorithms, sequential processing, filters.
Relative positioning for surveying in post-processing using zero-, double-, triple-differenced observations. Mathematical models. Pre-processing algorithms. Ambiguity free solutions. Constrained solutions. Carrier-phase ambiguity resolution strategies.
Static- and kinematic relative positioning in post-processing: long static, permanent static, rapid static, semi-kinematic, (pure) kinematic positioning. Relative zero-, double-, and triple differenced solutions. Observation models for static- and kinematic relative positioning. Network solutions.
Elements of the real-time GPS processing for navigation and positioning. Challenges of the precise point positioning and relative positioning in real-time. Positioning using differential corrections (DGPS/DGNSS). RTK. Network RTK. Virtual station approach.
Reference networks and positioning services: Commercial- and national services.
Modernization of the GPS and basic information on other GNSS systems (Galileo, GLONASS, Beidou): orbits, time- and reference frames, signals. Intersystem biases (short).
Regional navigation satellite systems: QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System, Japan), IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System).
Selected space-based Augmentation Systems (SBAS): WAAS (US wide-area augmentation system), EGNOS (European Geostationary navigation overlay service), MSAS (Japan), Indian’s GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation) and SDCM (System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring).
Ground-based augmentation: LAAS (Local Area Augmentation Systems). Pseudolite Systems.
The presented algorithms will be illustrated with small simple software tools (in C or Octave). Selected applications will be presented, for example: Attitude determination using GPS, GPS-Arrays for early warning systems on natural- and man-made disaster monitoring, Pamir-Tienshan GPS Network, and few other examples.
