Content
Methodology of the Positioning and Navigation with GNSS VL 3633 L 243, UE 3633 L 244
Motivation: why Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BEIDOU, ...)? The space- and ground-based components of GNSS. Signal structures of the GNSS and the differences between them. Time- and reference systems for GNSS and their realizations. Principles of code and phase measurements. Observation equations for phase and code and the basic algorithms for positioning. Differencing and linear combinations of observations. Satellite orbits and their representation. Impact of atmospheric refraction (ionosphere and troposphere). Site specific effects (antenna phase centre variations, multipath, etc.). Positioning and navigation methods and approaches (PPP, differential positioning, kinematic/static, …); pre-processing algorithms. Ambiguity resolution methods. Reference networks and positioning services. SAPOS. Wide- and Local Augmentation Systems.
Geodetic Space Procedures in the Earth System Research IV 3633 L 241
Measurement principles of the most important space- and ground-based geodetic observation techniques, namely Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite and Lunar Laser Ranging (SLR/LLR), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS, including GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, …), Doppler Orbitography and Radio positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), ocean and ice altimetry, InSAR and gravity field satellite missions and innovative future concepts. The application of these techniques to determine the three pillars of space geodesy: the Earth’s geometry and deformation (including sea surfaces), the Earth orientation and rotation, and the Earth gravity field and its temporal variations (mass transport). Methods to solve huge parameter estimation problems and for time series analyses are explained and applied. Estimation/monitoring of station motion and surface deformation. Models of the processes deforming the Earth‘s surface like plate tectonics, post-glacial rebound, solid Earth tides, surface loads (ocean, atmosphere, ice, ...). Importance of deformation measurements for natural hazards and early warning systems (deformation by earthquakes, GNSS seismology, land slides, sea level change, volcano monitoring, subsidence).
Methods to determine the global gravity field of the Earth and its temporal variability including satellite to satellite tracking (SST; high-low, low-low), satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG) and altimetry. Orbit determination methods. Static gravity field as reference surface (geoid) and information about the structures and processes in the Earth‘s interior; the temporal variations to monitor mass transport phenomena (global hydrology, sea level change, melting of ice sheets, post-glacial rebound, ...).
Geodetic and geophysical models of the Earth orientation and rotation including effects of
Sun, Moon and planets, and of the different components of the Earth system like ocean, atmosphere, hydrosphere, ...). Comparisons with observed Earth orientation parameters series.
GNSS remote sensing comprising atmospheric sounding from ground and space (radio occultations), determination of water vapor in the troposphere and the electron density in the ionosphere. GNSS reflectometry and scatterometry. Importance for meteorology, weather forecasts and climatology.
